| When | Countries Involved | What | Terms Involved | Significance/Explanation |
| 11th c. | Italy | Great Commercial Revival | Venice, Genoa, Milan, etc. Merchant class especially | Northern Italian cities started taking advantage of trade with the Middle East & Northern Europe. As a result, the merchants got richer, moved to the cities (urban nobility, remember?), now had more money to spend on other things besides weapons, so they bought art. Hence, beginning of The Renaissance |
| 12th-15th c. | Florence & other northern Italian cities | The type of ruling in these places | Commercial elite, urban nobles, signori, oligarchy, commune, etc. | For these two centuries, Italian city-states were ruled by either signori or oligarchies. The common people (popolo) weren’t happy about it. |
| 1300s | Florence, Italy | Building boom | Brunelleschi & other artists | Lots of new buildings popping up, due to a revived economy. Florence = second Rome |
| Late 14th c. | Florence, Italy | Difficult economic period | King Edward III of England & others | Basically during this time, Florence had a lot of issues, whether it be King Edward III forcing Florentine bankers into bankruptcy, or losing half their population due to the Black Death - the point is, Florence pulled through strongly on the basis of their stable economic structure (competitive spirit too). |
| 1491-1494 | Florence | Savonarola vs. Medici | Girolamo Savonarola, the Medici family, paganism, corruption | Savonarola, a friar, attacked the Medici banking family and accused them of being undemocratic. He also attacked the whole city of Florence, saying that their pope was corrupt, their city was full of moral vice, etc. At first, he was “winning” because he had the support of regular people. Because of him, the Medici family reached their end as a dynasty. But, everyone eventually got tired of his rants and stopped supporting him. Illustrates the instability of Italian cities - led to invasions such as the one below. |
| 1494 | Italy, France | French invasion of Italy | King Charles VIII, city-states, federal system, consolidation | Before the invasion, Italy was split into oligarchies and such (see above), which meant that they weren’t unified and weren’t prepared to fend off attacks successfully. Add on to that the power struggle among the other European countries, and Italy is pretty much screwed. When the French invaded, the Italians suffered. They had no foreign policy, no unification - they were subject to invaders. |
| 1400s-1500s | Italy | The Renaissance | Rebirth, the arts, the rising middle class | Patronage, urban nobility, you know this stuff. |
| 1500-1527 | Italy | High Renaissance | Humanism, Christian humanism, secularism, education, The Courtier, The Prince, individualism | Didn’t see a lot of change in terms of class structure, but we do see the middle class rising and getting more interested in the arts. Here we also see “secularization of the sacred”, some humanism stuff, patronage, education (mostly for men, who were supposed to know everything, whether it be dancing and sewing or fighting and looking macho), etc. |
| 1516 | England | Publication of “Utopia” | Thomas More, humanism, reason, individualism | When Thomas More published “Utopia” in the 1500s, it was super-revolutionary. It was a place where all children received education (a humanist education - Greco-Roman classics). Adults split days between labor and intellectual stuff. Social equality existed. T-More suggests that greed is the root of all problems in society. Perfect existence is a result of REASON (precursor for the Enlightenment? Interesting...). The point is: Utopia does not exist. It can only be possible if we reform social institutions that mold the individual. |
Sunday, May 29, 2011
History 2011 - Review "Renaissance"
Saturday, March 6, 2010
History Review!
Hoping this works! All my files are in the latest version of Word, and I know not everyone has it. Hopefully this is an easier way to share the review packet. I don't have everything filled out, and obviously some of it may be incorrect. Make changes in the comments, let people know. If anyone wants this in its original, Word Notebook Document form, please email me or Facebook me or whatever. You need to have Word 2008 to open it. It has tabs and notebook lines, and it's just an easy, clear format to read. For now, this will have to do.
-Aloh
Other Places to Be Familiar With That Aren’t On This Map:
-Amur River – North of Manchuria (where the Japanese fought, maybe?)
-Guangzhou – In South China, “Canton”
-Kamakura – City on Honshu, east of Kyoto
-Kyoto – City on Honshu, west of Kamakura, north of Nara, capital
-Kyushu Corridor – between Kyushu and Shikoku, water passage
-Manchuria – north of Korea/China, quite large
-Nara – City on Honshu, south of Kyoto
-Strait of Tsushima – same as the “Korea Strait”, between Kyushu, Shikoku, Honshu, and Korea
-Yalu River – border between Korea and China
-Nagasaki & Deshima/Dejima – Nagasaki is the Dutch trading port of Deshima from 1641, on Kyushu, west coast
-Kurile Islands – most northern part of Japan, chain of islands in a line above Hokkaido
2/10/2010 Day 2
JAPAN:
From South to North: Ryukyu, Kyushu, Shikoku, Honshu, Hokkaido, Kurile, Sakhalin
Strait of Tsushima between Japan and Korea
Sea of Japan between Japan and China
The INU, aka the true indigenous people of Japan, traded all the way up the Kurile islands, over to the Aleutian Islands of Alaska, and as far down to Washington of modern day US.
YAYOI=Earthen Mounds, tomb mounds à Korean Connection
Built in semi subterranean forms (half in the ground, half raised in the hill)
Used bronze, iron bells, jewelry, identical on either side of the Tsushima Strait à were KOREAN because they acted just like them
Made pottery with a potters’ wheel
From 4000 BC and on, more Japanese, less Korean
JOMON à distinctly Japanese people (the first), did things different from the Koreans
C. 4000-400 BCE
Shared Haniwa
Corded pottery—Decorated with the pressing of a cord against the clay
Kami/Oni à Shinto
Haniwa are a way of dealing with Shinto spirits
Housing for Kami/Oni—could even have housing for the spirits
What starts to evolve? Clan-based systemàresults in competition for resources
In Japan, clan is unique. SPECIFIC NAME: UJI
· Each clan is in charge of its own land
· The leader has ultimate control over his people
· They are his responsibility
The Feudal System
· In Europe, the king gives his lord a bunch of land, and we have to pay the landlord to get the land and stuff
· Just like today when we do the apartment thing—we pay the landlord
· The clan is the ultimate owner of the land, so there is nothing like “equal field system”
·
· So the opposite of the Feudal System is the SHOEN SYSTEM, which is what Japan used. AKA the clan is in charge of the land
604 CE, something awesome happens.
A prince of a particular UJI recognizes that China is right across the water. It’s huge, successful, peaceful, wealthy in the year 600. Japanese prince says, “how can I get some of that? How can we be more like them and enjoy their prosperity?” What happens? THE GREATEST SINGLE TRANSFERRANCE OF CULTURE IN HISTORY! Known as the Taika, or GREAT CHANGE. Initiated by Prince Shotoku in 604 CE. Authors a 17 article Constitution in 17 pieces how the Japanese country will become more like China. So we get an emperor (but more symbolic, like a pope), a meritocracy (tests and stuff), writing (borrow the Chinese system of writing and create their own), Buddhism (the vehicle for high Chinese culture)àJapan tries to be China.
It will not be until 1600 that an individual is able to create a unified state in Japan. The process by which the unified state is created…
Haiku (俳句 haikai verse?) listen (help·info), plural haiku, is a form of Japanese poetry, consisting of 17 moras (or on), in three metrical phrases of 5, 7, and 5 moras respectively.[1] Haiku typically contain a kigo, or seasonal reference, and a kireji or verbal caesura. In Japanese, haiku are traditionally printed in a single vertical line, while haiku in English usually appear in three lines, to parallel the three metrical phrases of Japanese haiku.[2] Previously called hokku, haiku was given its current name by the Japanese writer Masaoka Shiki at the end of the 19th century.
Melancholy
In contrast to English verse which is typically characterized by meter, Japanese verse counts sound units (moras), known as "on". The word on is often translated as "syllable", but there are subtle differences between an "on" and an English-language "syllable". Traditional haiku consist of 17 on, in three metrical phrases of 5, 7, and 5 on respectively.
The word onji (音字; "sound symbol") is sometimes used in referring to Japanese sound units in English[5] although this word is archaic and no longer current in Japanese.[6] In Japanese, the on corresponds very closely to the kana character count (closely enough that moji (or "character symbol") is also sometimes used[6] as the count unit).
One on is counted for a short syllable, an additional one for an elongated vowel, diphthong, or doubled consonant, and one for an "n" at the end of a syllable. Thus, the word "haibun", though counted as two syllables in English, is counted as four on in Japanese (ha-i-bu-n).
Most writers of literary haiku in English use about ten to fourteen syllables, with no formal pattern.
SHOGUN IDEAL à let’s band together and destroy people!
Military leader of clanà DAINYO
Kamakura Period 1185-1333
-comes off of the Fujiwara rule (which ended 1185)
-Minamoto clan sets up rival capital at frontier base KAMAKURA (south of present day Tokyo)
HEIAN PERIOD=FUJIWARA
Heian=refined court culture
Kamakura=less cultivated, more politically effective system (military power, security offered by SAMURAI)
Samurai=warriors, educated hereditary aristocrats, served as administrators and fighters
Heian culture influenced samurai and Kamakura period
-rise of noble families and samurai armies à Japanese feudalism (FEUDALISM=weak government tries to take over through agreements with the leaders)
-parallel to Europe, very different from China
Shogun > Emperor (just a figurehead)
-shogun has the real power
-shogun=the emperor’s chief military commander and agent
“symptom of limited central state power, an arrangement of mutual convenience; … also unstable as ambitious … to improve their positions or rebel against the shogun’s authority”
MILITARY POWER IS WHAT COUNTED—but it wasn’t unified under one group/source/person
KAMAKURA Shogunate (1185-1333)-
-dominates Japan until 19th century
Koreans tried to invade Japan under Mongol control
-failed (1274)
1281: larger expedition Koreans and Chinese arrived!
-failed
BOTH FAILED BECAUSE OF A GREAT STORM
Japanese called it “kami-kaze” – divine wind
The Japanese resources were depleted and took people’s attention away from their jobsàweakening of Kamakura power (political divisions occur, open revolts multiply)
1333: Go-Daigo (emperor) gathers support and attracted people that were running away from the deteriorating Kamakura system – in 1338, he declared himself SHOGUN
Constant fighting left NO ROOM FOR WOMEN
-despite Japan being matriarchal
-women were high in court (Heian period) but there’s only a small fraction of women that are actually on the court
-more fightingàwomen became more subservient (caring for and supporting husbands)
-however in poorer, rural families, women worked alongside their husbands
Although Japan was all matriarchal and they have a sun goddess and stuff, the warrior culture was still rising. This lead to male-dominant culture.
-heavy preference for sons—like China
-spread of female infanticide
-literature and art monopolized by men
-Confucian values encouraged subordination of women
-trends in KOREA were similar, and for similar reasons
-women became the oppressed group
Shoguns!!!
-established in Kyoto
-never built effective central control
-a rival remained in power in southwestern Hongshu, and they couldn’t be defeated. Kyushu was still under control of someone else.
-civil war
-tried to suppress piracy, but they couldn’t. INADEQUATE
the Ming in CHINA felt obliged to abandon large stretches of their coast and pull settlements back to protect them
-political chaos in Japan was CRAZY/CHRONIC
· despite the country’s small size and smaller dimensions of occupied territory/settled land
By 1467: Askikaga rule was ended—Kyoto has been destroyed, emasculated shogun continues in name.
Buddhist fight against each other
Peasant revolts, conflicts among feudal lords
But there was a lot of culture during this period! After 1450
· Result of fusion of aristocratic Heian and the new samurai culture
· Or Buddhist, Zen, Shin, Nichiren (religion)
o All originally from China, but adapted to Japanese
o ZEN=contemplative, mystical, concentrated on eternal truth and self-cultivation, unity with nature (traditional Japanese interest) à appealed to the aristocratic warrior class of samurai
· More temple and palace architecture, landscape gardening, nature painting
o Peaceful natural settings
· Literature – shifting fortunes of politics, the failed attempts of those grasping for power, or the simplicity of nature, joys of untroubled rural life
IMPORTANT: The Shogunate patronized Zen (looked down upon), because it supported art and literature (which was a continuance of Heian tradition) THEY DON’T LIKE IT
Evolution of the tea ceremony!
· Graceful, soothing, contemplative, high aesthetic, ritual
· Origins in China
· Remains distinctively Japanese
· Tranquility
Noh drama
· Zen-inspired
· Dance, spoken lines, theater, costumes, makeup, refined gestures
· Convey rich meaning, emotion, passion
· Controlled tension, slow-moving concentrated experience
Artisan production
· Swords developed further
· Arrival of Portuguese early 16th century
· Trade stimulated
· Portuguese armed ships largely eliminated the piracy in Japan
Dissolved more completely into civil war in 1570s, torn by rival clans and armies until the end of the century.
The way of the warrior is to practice the art of peace.
Bushido
· Chivalry wishes it were bushido
· Loyalty, frugality, philosophy, martial arts, honor, death, swordsmanship, violent, wisdom, serenity, Shinto, Buddhism
“Bushido, then, is the code of moral principles which the samurai were required or instructed to observe…More frequently it is a code unuttered and unwritten… It was an organic growth of decades and centuries of military career.”
· Customs that came about
· Organic—part of you
· Not a set of rules
“If a man does not investigate into the matter of Bushido daily, it will difficult for him to die a brave and manly death. Thus, it is essential to engrave this business of the warrior into one’s mind well.”
· Manly death=important aspect of Bushido
· Connection with the Chinese “Shame System” – you can die, but die a man
· More intimate relationship between enemies
o Dehumanization (Mongols, Aurangzeb, did so with their enemies) Samurai teachings, afford the most humanization to their enemies
“One should put forth great effort in matters of learning. One should read books concerning military matters, and direct his attention exclusively to the virtues of loyalty and filial piety…Having been born into the house of a warrior, one’s intentions should be to grasp the long and the short swords and to die.”
· Kato, a ferocious warlord of Sengoku-period. Banned recitation of poetry. Did not think the samurai should have any arts teaching.
· Long and short swords: The two swords the samurai carry
o Short sword, ceremonial, primary source: cut off one’s belly when defeated (ritual suicide) (seppuku)
§ Can restore and enhance your reputation… the truth and sincerity of your actions will show when your guts are spilling out
Life is unfair – pick your battles
· Find the uncertainty
Samurai: The World of the Warrior
One’s inhibitions determine which battles you pick.
Only God can take away your life (monotheistic belief)
Bushido = constant preparation for death
Death is its own reward
Bushido philosophy: raising children, appearance, and grooming
Seven Virtues of Bushido
· Rectitude
· Courage
· Benevolence
· Respect
· Honesty
· Honor
· Loyalty
Associated Virtues
· Filial piety
· Wisdom
· Care for the aged
Morihei Ueshiba – Quotations!
“A good stance in posture reflect a proper state of mind”
· body language, sensitivity training
“All life is a manifestation of the spirit, the manifestation of love.”
“All the principles of heaven and earth are living inside you. Life itself is truth, and this will never change. Everything in heaven and earth breathes. Breath is the thread that ties creation together.”
· Chi, air, breath energy, Shinto – kami and oni
“Always keep your mind bright and clear as the vast sky, the great ocean, and the highest peak, empty of all thoughts. Always keep your body filled with light and heat. Fill yourself with the power of wisdom and enlightenment.”
· Shinto, Buddhism
“As soon as you concern yourself with the ‘good’ and ‘bad’ of your fellows, you create an opening in your heart for maliciousness to enter. Testing, competing with, and criticizing others weaken and defeat you.”
· As soon as you start judging people, a space for mean and insults open up
“Create each day anew.”
· Get rid of your emotional baggage
“Do not look upon this world with fear and loathing. Bravely face whatever the gods offer.”
“Each and every master, regardless of the era or the place, heard the call and attained harmony with heaven and earth. There are many paths leading to the top of Mount Fuji, but there is only one summit – love”
“Economy is the basis of society. When the economy is stable, society develops. The ideal economy combines the spiritual and the material, and the best commodities to trade in are sincerity and love.”
· He’s pretty into love
“Everyone has a spirit that can be refined, a body that can be trained in some manner, a suitable path to follow. You are here to realize your inner divinity and manifest your innate enlightenment.”
· You’re not just here for one thing – you are every individual
“Failure is the key to success; each mistake teaches us something.”
“If your heart is large enough to envelop your adversaries, you can see them right through them and avoid their attacks…”
“In extreme situations…”
“It is necessary to develop…”
“Life is growth…”
“Loyalty and devotion…”
“Mankind’s role…”
“One does not…”
“Opponents confront us…”
· There is no enemy, the only enemy is yourself.
“Progress comes…”
If there is a lack of central control, that means not every clan supports the Ashikaga.
PIRATES: Japanese clans that don’t support the Ashikaga
· located in the South
· occurring on the East side of Japan (fighting)
· Far west and south, people are closer to China and Korea, in many respects ESPECIALLY if they’re not support central Japanese gov’t
The pirates forced the MING to deal with them
1400—piracy becomes less of a problem when the Chinese ships get involved
Korea is more damaged than China – by the Japanese piracy
· Korea is smaller
· Wanted to stop piracy, so they opted to end official trade with Japan in 1443
o So Samurai house managed trade (they were the pirates)
§ in competition with the Ashikaga house
o Japan’s trade with China monopolized by Ouchi Family (overthrown in 1551)
LACK OF CONTROL leads to piracy starting up again
· order restored in 1592
People would leave in the middle of the night, switching houses – loyalty was transferred easily
· Japan attacks China for revenge (against the Mongols…WTF)
o Why were the upset? Just for fun…
o China, Japan, Korea = all adopted Confucian values
o China is the elder nation—more sophisticated, wealthier, worthy of respect. Rivalry between “siblings”.
Piracy against the Ming…other development happening in Japan
· development of “kana”, monastic armies… etc
KANA:
· development of phonetic syllabary (like creating an alphabet based on units of sound)
· an attempt to bring a phonetic form of writing to the people
o popular writing
o use sounds that regular people would understand
o trying to get away from the abstract Chinese characters -- more in line with Japanese sounds
§ creating Japanese characters
o since Japan was isolated for a long time, they could develop their own language
Pure Land Buddhism
· Unrecognizable to the Buddhists
· Created a Western paradise (Amitabha is his name)
o just recite his name, and then you’ll be reborn as a lotus flower in his garden
§ hang out in the lotus flower
§ all your negative dharma will be rinsed away
§ then you'll be clean for your last rebirth
o This was easy!
§ Opposite of original Christianity
· Democratization: making stuff easy for the people
· developing during the samurai period (Ashikaga)
o to “control”/create a sense of commonality
o Sense of unity (that's what Buddhism was used for)
Evolution of Buddhism in China:
· Confucists didn’t say anything about supernatural stuff
o Laozi refused to talk about it
§ Buddhism is the first one to do it
ú Chinese are enamored with Buddhism
§ PROBLEM: Monks are family-less
ú Chinese ask: What’s wrong with your family?
§ Renunciation in China is different from renunciation in India
§ SO all the Chinese Buddhist monks join a FAMILY, and they all share the same last name (opposed to Indian monks, who get rid of their last name)
ú Family oriented monks!
· Buddhism brings prestige – leaders give financial support to monasteries (wow)
o In Japan, lands are self-regulated
§ Result: China starts regulating like Japan -- ?? start clans and stuff
§ Over time, monks and monasteries start choosing sides in the large battles
· A result of all that stuff is the tea ceremony (what)
TEA WAS ORIGINALLY BROUGHT TO CHINA AS AN ELIXIR FOR PRESERVING LIFE
· Chinese med is advanced
o Five phases:
§ Heart: Bitter (the tea is bitter, so it opens your heart)
§ Liver: Acidic
§ Lungs: Pungent
§ Spleen: Sweet
§ Kidney: Salty
o If we all drank more tea, we’d all be nicer
o Believed that sickness was a result of a lack of balance with the organs of your body
o The tea culture allowed for a sense of balance, harmony, etc.
YI KOREA: The Middle Brother
· Longest lasting dynasty in Asian history, other than the ones that have been unproven
· 1392-1910
· Continued to adopt multiple forms of Chinese culture
· Interested in calligraphy, painting, Confucian organization
· Brought in Confucian Examination System
· Set a capital: Seoul
· Rice is brought up (Chinese agricultural forms are followed)
· only 1/7 of the land could be farmed
· First extensive use of movable type in the world
o Chinese did woodblock prints, Japanese perfected that art form
o The letters could be moved around
· Made advances in math and astronomy
o Status of women in Korea was much higher than normal
o women don't get demoted in other places that become Confucian
· Yi order weakened by factionalism
o FACTION: a group
o People fight within groups
· Yi Korea = incredibly stable
PRESSURES ON THE ENVIRONMENT
· population increased, indicating cultivation in larger areas
· lots of cutting down of trees
· the more deforestation, the more runoff you have
· more topsoil?
· wood shortages-->new architectural styles during the Samurai period
o Let’s make things out of wood!
o Because of Shinto -- trees had spirit, those ancestors and those spirits got along—you could offend the spirits by using those trees
o Roofsàtile, flooràmats
o Japan and Koreaàfast adopters of technology
o emperors try to control the cutting of wood
· The capital moves away from Kyoto, towards Tokyo
o National forests, parks, “”
Independent Development
· Europe and monsoon Asia remained largely ISOLATED from each other until the 15th century
o Despite Marco Polo’s journey
o The exception is: INDIA
· From the 7th century, Arab and Islamic in the Middle East and Central Asia = another barrier between Europe and monsoon Asia
· European civilization arises, but isn’t aware AT ALL of what lays beyond the Arab barrier
o They also didn’t have the benefits of Asia’s more sophisticated model of civilization
· Arabs were like the middleman
o They transmitted these things to the West:
§ Indian mathematics and numeration system
§ Indian medicine and steel-making tech
§ Chinese silk, paper, printing
o The Europeans called all of that stuff ARAB, either ignoring or not knowing where its actual origin was
· The end of direct Roman connections with India
European Trade
· CLASSICALLY: trade was more important in Europe than in Asia
· Europeans were aware of a larger, and more varied world than their own (good thing)
· European traders explored and did business with adjacent areas – easily because of they could sail across the Mediterranean Sea
Asian Trade
· More complacent, proud of their own rich and sophisticated civilization
o Aka, they didn’t think other places were worthy enough to trade with
· Opposite of the Europeans: who realized early on that their own development lagged behind others
o Europeans knew that wealth was going to be important
· The Atlantic was now going to be the start of the route to Asia
o This included:
§ The Portuguese, Dutch, and English ports, merchants, and ships
§ The eclipse of Venice
§ The home of C. Columbus
The Portuguese in Asia
· Christopher Columbus (Spanish flag)
o Objective: Polo’s Cathay (could be reached by sailing westward on a ROUND earth)
o Failed
o In the end, it was the Portuguese who pioneered the direct sea route to the East
· Portugal’s geographical position gave them an advantage
o Open Atlantic and the tradition of seafaring and fishing in stormy waters
· Cape St. Vincent: southwestern tip of Portugal
o Last outpost of Europe, jumping-off place for any routes around Africa
o The Portuguese realized this was the best place to start
· Portugal had never been in an important commercial center
o Relatively poor, mountainous, backward country
o But it knew the open sea
§ The Venetians didn’t
· The Portuguese, like the Dutch
o Developed more seaworthy craft
o Built small ships with benefits from some of the Arab experience
§ Riding the monsoon winds in the Indian ocean
§ Triangular lateen sail
§ Basically, they built a good ship
§ Then it moved on to China and stuff
· Navigation
o Still crude
o Weren’t as good as the Chinese grand expeditions
· Warfare
o After the late 14th century, after gunpowder and cannons (Chinese inventions) had spread to Europe, there are improvements in naval warfare
o Development of guns
o More mobility in water
o Modeled after the Greeks, Romans, and Venetians
o Europeans finally made it to Asia
Motives for Expansion
· Portuguese wanted to defend their faith (Roman Catholic) ?
· Muslims were all seen as the enemy
o They blocked the route to the East and controlled much of the trade with Asia
This is the just the first part. There’s no way I can type up the whole thing. You got the handout in class.
Europeans knew the wealth could be won through trade abroad.
Before the 1700s, European powers had minimal presence in Asia.
· From the 1400s-1700s, they had more significant influence in the Americas than in Asia
Christopher Columbus sailed for Spain
· Died believing he had reached Asia in 1492 (he didn’t)
Spreading Christianity and getting rich through trade were primary motives for the Age of Discovery.
“Souls and Spices” (explained in the review packet) were what they were after.
Review Sheet for Test on Chapters 9 & 12
"By our ships our power can be seen, and if necessary, felt."
New East Asian Geography:
COVERED IN GEOGRAPHY ALREADY
Amur River
Guangzhou
Hokkaido
Honshu
Kamakura
Kurile Islands
Kyoto
Kyushu
Kyushu Corridor
Manchuria
Nara
Ryuku Islands
Shikoku
Strait of Tsushima
Yalu River
New SE Asian Geography:
East Indies – Indonesia, includes Sumatra
Moluccas or Spice Islands – Around the Phillippines, south of it
Factors to Know:
Algoa – Sailing TO Goa
Colombo – capital of Ceylon (present day Sri Lanka), island off India
Delagoa – Mozambique à sailing AWAY from Goa (due to monsoons)
Goa – port in South India during the Mogul Empire, under Aurangzeb 1690
Macao – port trading post from 557 in South China, just south of Guangzhou
Malacca – related to the pirates (Malacca Straits), SE Asia near the Malacca straits, north of Sumatra, south of Malaya
Manila – capital of present day Phillippine Islands
Nagasaki & Dejima
Surat – West India, south of Narmada River, way north of Goa
Random Stuff:
Dutch East India Company (VOC)
East India Company (British, BEIco)
Iberian Penninsula
Cape of Good Hope – tip of South Africa, people sailed around it and stuff
“factionalism” – “cliques”, groups start fighting with each other due to different interests, prevents government from forming
Northeast Passage
Northwest Passage
Spanish Armada
Souls & Spices – what the missionaries came looking for in Asia – converting/saving souls and spices
Treaty of Nerchinsk, 1689
Zanzibar – island off east Africa, most important Arab trading post of East Africa, the Europeans knew about it but didn’t know how to get there
Peoples to Recall:
Ainu – natives to Japan
Altaic – people of the Altai Mountains
Ashikaga – see Ashikaga tab
British
Dutch
Fujiwara – dominant clan during Heian Period
Geisha
Japanese – matriarchal, uh just read the rest of the review packet. THE WHOLE THING IS ON JAPAN BASICALLY.
Korean
Minamoto
Portuguese – tried to control the trade routes
Russians
Sea Barbarians – pirates?
Spanish – tried to control the trade routes
Yi Dynasty – Korea (1392-1910)
· Pirate invasion
· Adapted to the Chinese forms of calligraphy and painting
· Capital: Seoul
· Basically, Chinese ideals/things brought to Korea during this time
· Imperial government weakened by factionalism (factions=cliques)
Vocab:
Daimyo – clan leader/warlord, subservient to the shoguns (the military chiefs), most became samurai
Factor – trade base (European trade bases in Asia, actually)
Freebooters – unofficial pirating, English? Dutch?
Heian Period – 600-1180, arts, garden, Buddhism
· Before: Feudalism
· Japanese artistic period
· Before the samurai period begins
· Japanese elites acting like the Chinese
· Fujiwara family is the dominant clan
· The Great Change – Taika – Confucian values brought to Japan
· Balancing act
o An aunt ruling in place of Prince Shotoku (not old enough)
o The transition between patriarchal to matriarchal
Jesuit Order – order of Catholic priests (came to convert!)
Kamikaze – divine wind, stopped multiple invasions by the Chinese into Japan
Kana & Kanji – Kana: phonetic symbols of Japanese language (more common), Kanji: the more elaborate form?
Pure Land Buddhism – the easy form of Buddhism, most popular sect
Samurai – warriors of Japan
Shinto – Japanese religion, nature, spiritual, Emperor was the high priest of the Shinto religion
Shoen System – to farm and distribute land…
Shogun – controlled military, chief military leader
Taika – The Great Change, Confucian values came to Japan, brought over by Prince Shotoku during the Heian Period, adapted Chinese culture, consisted of a 17-constitution article
Tea Ceremony – for peace and order during the Ashikaga Period, for meditation
Uji – family run clan, before the shoguns came into play
Zen Buddhism – Chinese form of Buddhism, like Daoism, a popular form of Buddhism in America
Individual People to Recall:
Bartholomew Diaz – Portuguese, sailed around the tip of Africa, named Cape of Good Hope, went as far as Mozambique (modern day)
Christopher Colombus – sailed under the Spanish flag, was Genoese, you know what he did.
Ferdinand Magellan – sailed around the tip of South America, aka the Straits of Magellan, circumnavigated the world in 1518-21, died en route
Genji
Jan Hyugen Van Linschotten – Dutch spy, wrote “Guidebook to Asia”, wrote all of the trade routes to and from Asia
Lady Murasaki
Matteo Ricci – missionary to the Ming Court, arrives in China in 1583
Prince Henry the Navigator – founded maritime academies, led explorations and mapping of the West coast of Africa, brought gold, ivory, and slaves to Europe
Prince Shotoku – brought Confucian values over to Japan, the Great Change (TAIKA), Heian Period, his aunt ruled in place of him because he was too young
Ralph Fitch
Ralph Newberry
Sir Francis Drake
Thomas Best
Vasco Da Gama – arrived in SW India in 1498, forces trade, kidnaps traders in Zanzibar to show him the way, 1499 earns 3000% profit
William Adams
Artifacts and Japanese stuff to Recall:
Corded Pottery
Haiku – Japanese poetry, with seasonal stuff, read the tab about it
Kana – phonetic symbol language of Japan
Monastic Armies – monasteries, army of monks
Movable type – the origin of the printing press, made printing easier, you could move the words around, Japanese perfected this
“Natural Gardens”
Tatami – the mats in Kovas’s room, on which the tea ceremony takes place
Tomb Mounds
Turtle Boats
Think about who was where, when?
Think about who traded what, where?
Think about how they tried to protect their trades.
How did various peoples behave when on foreign soil?
- Were there differences between British and Portugese and Dutch behaviors?
Lastly, look at the questions at the end of the chapters.
-Aloh
Other Places to Be Familiar With That Aren’t On This Map:
-Amur River – North of Manchuria (where the Japanese fought, maybe?)
-Guangzhou – In South China, “Canton”
-Kamakura – City on Honshu, east of Kyoto
-Kyoto – City on Honshu, west of Kamakura, north of Nara, capital
-Kyushu Corridor – between Kyushu and Shikoku, water passage
-Manchuria – north of Korea/China, quite large
-Nara – City on Honshu, south of Kyoto
-Strait of Tsushima – same as the “Korea Strait”, between Kyushu, Shikoku, Honshu, and Korea
-Yalu River – border between Korea and China
-Nagasaki & Deshima/Dejima – Nagasaki is the Dutch trading port of Deshima from 1641, on Kyushu, west coast
-Kurile Islands – most northern part of Japan, chain of islands in a line above Hokkaido
2/10/2010 Day 2
JAPAN:
From South to North: Ryukyu, Kyushu, Shikoku, Honshu, Hokkaido, Kurile, Sakhalin
Strait of Tsushima between Japan and Korea
Sea of Japan between Japan and China
The INU, aka the true indigenous people of Japan, traded all the way up the Kurile islands, over to the Aleutian Islands of Alaska, and as far down to Washington of modern day US.
YAYOI=Earthen Mounds, tomb mounds à Korean Connection
Built in semi subterranean forms (half in the ground, half raised in the hill)
Used bronze, iron bells, jewelry, identical on either side of the Tsushima Strait à were KOREAN because they acted just like them
Made pottery with a potters’ wheel
From 4000 BC and on, more Japanese, less Korean
JOMON à distinctly Japanese people (the first), did things different from the Koreans
C. 4000-400 BCE
Shared Haniwa
Corded pottery—Decorated with the pressing of a cord against the clay
Kami/Oni à Shinto
Haniwa are a way of dealing with Shinto spirits
Housing for Kami/Oni—could even have housing for the spirits
What starts to evolve? Clan-based systemàresults in competition for resources
In Japan, clan is unique. SPECIFIC NAME: UJI
· Each clan is in charge of its own land
· The leader has ultimate control over his people
· They are his responsibility
The Feudal System
· In Europe, the king gives his lord a bunch of land, and we have to pay the landlord to get the land and stuff
· Just like today when we do the apartment thing—we pay the landlord
· The clan is the ultimate owner of the land, so there is nothing like “equal field system”
·
· So the opposite of the Feudal System is the SHOEN SYSTEM, which is what Japan used. AKA the clan is in charge of the land
604 CE, something awesome happens.
A prince of a particular UJI recognizes that China is right across the water. It’s huge, successful, peaceful, wealthy in the year 600. Japanese prince says, “how can I get some of that? How can we be more like them and enjoy their prosperity?” What happens? THE GREATEST SINGLE TRANSFERRANCE OF CULTURE IN HISTORY! Known as the Taika, or GREAT CHANGE. Initiated by Prince Shotoku in 604 CE. Authors a 17 article Constitution in 17 pieces how the Japanese country will become more like China. So we get an emperor (but more symbolic, like a pope), a meritocracy (tests and stuff), writing (borrow the Chinese system of writing and create their own), Buddhism (the vehicle for high Chinese culture)àJapan tries to be China.
It will not be until 1600 that an individual is able to create a unified state in Japan. The process by which the unified state is created…
Haiku (俳句 haikai verse?) listen (help·info), plural haiku, is a form of Japanese poetry, consisting of 17 moras (or on), in three metrical phrases of 5, 7, and 5 moras respectively.[1] Haiku typically contain a kigo, or seasonal reference, and a kireji or verbal caesura. In Japanese, haiku are traditionally printed in a single vertical line, while haiku in English usually appear in three lines, to parallel the three metrical phrases of Japanese haiku.[2] Previously called hokku, haiku was given its current name by the Japanese writer Masaoka Shiki at the end of the 19th century.
Melancholy
In contrast to English verse which is typically characterized by meter, Japanese verse counts sound units (moras), known as "on". The word on is often translated as "syllable", but there are subtle differences between an "on" and an English-language "syllable". Traditional haiku consist of 17 on, in three metrical phrases of 5, 7, and 5 on respectively.
The word onji (音字; "sound symbol") is sometimes used in referring to Japanese sound units in English[5] although this word is archaic and no longer current in Japanese.[6] In Japanese, the on corresponds very closely to the kana character count (closely enough that moji (or "character symbol") is also sometimes used[6] as the count unit).
One on is counted for a short syllable, an additional one for an elongated vowel, diphthong, or doubled consonant, and one for an "n" at the end of a syllable. Thus, the word "haibun", though counted as two syllables in English, is counted as four on in Japanese (ha-i-bu-n).
Most writers of literary haiku in English use about ten to fourteen syllables, with no formal pattern.
SHOGUN IDEAL à let’s band together and destroy people!
Military leader of clanà DAINYO
Kamakura Period 1185-1333
-comes off of the Fujiwara rule (which ended 1185)
-Minamoto clan sets up rival capital at frontier base KAMAKURA (south of present day Tokyo)
HEIAN PERIOD=FUJIWARA
Heian=refined court culture
Kamakura=less cultivated, more politically effective system (military power, security offered by SAMURAI)
Samurai=warriors, educated hereditary aristocrats, served as administrators and fighters
Heian culture influenced samurai and Kamakura period
-rise of noble families and samurai armies à Japanese feudalism (FEUDALISM=weak government tries to take over through agreements with the leaders)
-parallel to Europe, very different from China
Shogun > Emperor (just a figurehead)
-shogun has the real power
-shogun=the emperor’s chief military commander and agent
“symptom of limited central state power, an arrangement of mutual convenience; … also unstable as ambitious … to improve their positions or rebel against the shogun’s authority”
MILITARY POWER IS WHAT COUNTED—but it wasn’t unified under one group/source/person
KAMAKURA Shogunate (1185-1333)-
-dominates Japan until 19th century
Koreans tried to invade Japan under Mongol control
-failed (1274)
1281: larger expedition Koreans and Chinese arrived!
-failed
BOTH FAILED BECAUSE OF A GREAT STORM
Japanese called it “kami-kaze” – divine wind
The Japanese resources were depleted and took people’s attention away from their jobsàweakening of Kamakura power (political divisions occur, open revolts multiply)
1333: Go-Daigo (emperor) gathers support and attracted people that were running away from the deteriorating Kamakura system – in 1338, he declared himself SHOGUN
Constant fighting left NO ROOM FOR WOMEN
-despite Japan being matriarchal
-women were high in court (Heian period) but there’s only a small fraction of women that are actually on the court
-more fightingàwomen became more subservient (caring for and supporting husbands)
-however in poorer, rural families, women worked alongside their husbands
Although Japan was all matriarchal and they have a sun goddess and stuff, the warrior culture was still rising. This lead to male-dominant culture.
-heavy preference for sons—like China
-spread of female infanticide
-literature and art monopolized by men
-Confucian values encouraged subordination of women
-trends in KOREA were similar, and for similar reasons
-women became the oppressed group
Shoguns!!!
-established in Kyoto
-never built effective central control
-a rival remained in power in southwestern Hongshu, and they couldn’t be defeated. Kyushu was still under control of someone else.
-civil war
-tried to suppress piracy, but they couldn’t. INADEQUATE
the Ming in CHINA felt obliged to abandon large stretches of their coast and pull settlements back to protect them
-political chaos in Japan was CRAZY/CHRONIC
· despite the country’s small size and smaller dimensions of occupied territory/settled land
By 1467: Askikaga rule was ended—Kyoto has been destroyed, emasculated shogun continues in name.
Buddhist fight against each other
Peasant revolts, conflicts among feudal lords
But there was a lot of culture during this period! After 1450
· Result of fusion of aristocratic Heian and the new samurai culture
· Or Buddhist, Zen, Shin, Nichiren (religion)
o All originally from China, but adapted to Japanese
o ZEN=contemplative, mystical, concentrated on eternal truth and self-cultivation, unity with nature (traditional Japanese interest) à appealed to the aristocratic warrior class of samurai
· More temple and palace architecture, landscape gardening, nature painting
o Peaceful natural settings
· Literature – shifting fortunes of politics, the failed attempts of those grasping for power, or the simplicity of nature, joys of untroubled rural life
IMPORTANT: The Shogunate patronized Zen (looked down upon), because it supported art and literature (which was a continuance of Heian tradition) THEY DON’T LIKE IT
Evolution of the tea ceremony!
· Graceful, soothing, contemplative, high aesthetic, ritual
· Origins in China
· Remains distinctively Japanese
· Tranquility
Noh drama
· Zen-inspired
· Dance, spoken lines, theater, costumes, makeup, refined gestures
· Convey rich meaning, emotion, passion
· Controlled tension, slow-moving concentrated experience
Artisan production
· Swords developed further
· Arrival of Portuguese early 16th century
· Trade stimulated
· Portuguese armed ships largely eliminated the piracy in Japan
Dissolved more completely into civil war in 1570s, torn by rival clans and armies until the end of the century.
The way of the warrior is to practice the art of peace.
Bushido
· Chivalry wishes it were bushido
· Loyalty, frugality, philosophy, martial arts, honor, death, swordsmanship, violent, wisdom, serenity, Shinto, Buddhism
“Bushido, then, is the code of moral principles which the samurai were required or instructed to observe…More frequently it is a code unuttered and unwritten… It was an organic growth of decades and centuries of military career.”
· Customs that came about
· Organic—part of you
· Not a set of rules
“If a man does not investigate into the matter of Bushido daily, it will difficult for him to die a brave and manly death. Thus, it is essential to engrave this business of the warrior into one’s mind well.”
· Manly death=important aspect of Bushido
· Connection with the Chinese “Shame System” – you can die, but die a man
· More intimate relationship between enemies
o Dehumanization (Mongols, Aurangzeb, did so with their enemies) Samurai teachings, afford the most humanization to their enemies
“One should put forth great effort in matters of learning. One should read books concerning military matters, and direct his attention exclusively to the virtues of loyalty and filial piety…Having been born into the house of a warrior, one’s intentions should be to grasp the long and the short swords and to die.”
· Kato, a ferocious warlord of Sengoku-period. Banned recitation of poetry. Did not think the samurai should have any arts teaching.
· Long and short swords: The two swords the samurai carry
o Short sword, ceremonial, primary source: cut off one’s belly when defeated (ritual suicide) (seppuku)
§ Can restore and enhance your reputation… the truth and sincerity of your actions will show when your guts are spilling out
Life is unfair – pick your battles
· Find the uncertainty
Samurai: The World of the Warrior
One’s inhibitions determine which battles you pick.
Only God can take away your life (monotheistic belief)
Bushido = constant preparation for death
Death is its own reward
Bushido philosophy: raising children, appearance, and grooming
Seven Virtues of Bushido
· Rectitude
· Courage
· Benevolence
· Respect
· Honesty
· Honor
· Loyalty
Associated Virtues
· Filial piety
· Wisdom
· Care for the aged
Morihei Ueshiba – Quotations!
“A good stance in posture reflect a proper state of mind”
· body language, sensitivity training
“All life is a manifestation of the spirit, the manifestation of love.”
“All the principles of heaven and earth are living inside you. Life itself is truth, and this will never change. Everything in heaven and earth breathes. Breath is the thread that ties creation together.”
· Chi, air, breath energy, Shinto – kami and oni
“Always keep your mind bright and clear as the vast sky, the great ocean, and the highest peak, empty of all thoughts. Always keep your body filled with light and heat. Fill yourself with the power of wisdom and enlightenment.”
· Shinto, Buddhism
“As soon as you concern yourself with the ‘good’ and ‘bad’ of your fellows, you create an opening in your heart for maliciousness to enter. Testing, competing with, and criticizing others weaken and defeat you.”
· As soon as you start judging people, a space for mean and insults open up
“Create each day anew.”
· Get rid of your emotional baggage
“Do not look upon this world with fear and loathing. Bravely face whatever the gods offer.”
“Each and every master, regardless of the era or the place, heard the call and attained harmony with heaven and earth. There are many paths leading to the top of Mount Fuji, but there is only one summit – love”
“Economy is the basis of society. When the economy is stable, society develops. The ideal economy combines the spiritual and the material, and the best commodities to trade in are sincerity and love.”
· He’s pretty into love
“Everyone has a spirit that can be refined, a body that can be trained in some manner, a suitable path to follow. You are here to realize your inner divinity and manifest your innate enlightenment.”
· You’re not just here for one thing – you are every individual
“Failure is the key to success; each mistake teaches us something.”
“If your heart is large enough to envelop your adversaries, you can see them right through them and avoid their attacks…”
“In extreme situations…”
“It is necessary to develop…”
“Life is growth…”
“Loyalty and devotion…”
“Mankind’s role…”
“One does not…”
“Opponents confront us…”
· There is no enemy, the only enemy is yourself.
“Progress comes…”
If there is a lack of central control, that means not every clan supports the Ashikaga.
PIRATES: Japanese clans that don’t support the Ashikaga
· located in the South
· occurring on the East side of Japan (fighting)
· Far west and south, people are closer to China and Korea, in many respects ESPECIALLY if they’re not support central Japanese gov’t
The pirates forced the MING to deal with them
1400—piracy becomes less of a problem when the Chinese ships get involved
Korea is more damaged than China – by the Japanese piracy
· Korea is smaller
· Wanted to stop piracy, so they opted to end official trade with Japan in 1443
o So Samurai house managed trade (they were the pirates)
§ in competition with the Ashikaga house
o Japan’s trade with China monopolized by Ouchi Family (overthrown in 1551)
LACK OF CONTROL leads to piracy starting up again
· order restored in 1592
People would leave in the middle of the night, switching houses – loyalty was transferred easily
· Japan attacks China for revenge (against the Mongols…WTF)
o Why were the upset? Just for fun…
o China, Japan, Korea = all adopted Confucian values
o China is the elder nation—more sophisticated, wealthier, worthy of respect. Rivalry between “siblings”.
Piracy against the Ming…other development happening in Japan
· development of “kana”, monastic armies… etc
KANA:
· development of phonetic syllabary (like creating an alphabet based on units of sound)
· an attempt to bring a phonetic form of writing to the people
o popular writing
o use sounds that regular people would understand
o trying to get away from the abstract Chinese characters -- more in line with Japanese sounds
§ creating Japanese characters
o since Japan was isolated for a long time, they could develop their own language
Pure Land Buddhism
· Unrecognizable to the Buddhists
· Created a Western paradise (Amitabha is his name)
o just recite his name, and then you’ll be reborn as a lotus flower in his garden
§ hang out in the lotus flower
§ all your negative dharma will be rinsed away
§ then you'll be clean for your last rebirth
o This was easy!
§ Opposite of original Christianity
· Democratization: making stuff easy for the people
· developing during the samurai period (Ashikaga)
o to “control”/create a sense of commonality
o Sense of unity (that's what Buddhism was used for)
Evolution of Buddhism in China:
· Confucists didn’t say anything about supernatural stuff
o Laozi refused to talk about it
§ Buddhism is the first one to do it
ú Chinese are enamored with Buddhism
§ PROBLEM: Monks are family-less
ú Chinese ask: What’s wrong with your family?
§ Renunciation in China is different from renunciation in India
§ SO all the Chinese Buddhist monks join a FAMILY, and they all share the same last name (opposed to Indian monks, who get rid of their last name)
ú Family oriented monks!
· Buddhism brings prestige – leaders give financial support to monasteries (wow)
o In Japan, lands are self-regulated
§ Result: China starts regulating like Japan -- ?? start clans and stuff
§ Over time, monks and monasteries start choosing sides in the large battles
· A result of all that stuff is the tea ceremony (what)
TEA WAS ORIGINALLY BROUGHT TO CHINA AS AN ELIXIR FOR PRESERVING LIFE
· Chinese med is advanced
o Five phases:
§ Heart: Bitter (the tea is bitter, so it opens your heart)
§ Liver: Acidic
§ Lungs: Pungent
§ Spleen: Sweet
§ Kidney: Salty
o If we all drank more tea, we’d all be nicer
o Believed that sickness was a result of a lack of balance with the organs of your body
o The tea culture allowed for a sense of balance, harmony, etc.
YI KOREA: The Middle Brother
· Longest lasting dynasty in Asian history, other than the ones that have been unproven
· 1392-1910
· Continued to adopt multiple forms of Chinese culture
· Interested in calligraphy, painting, Confucian organization
· Brought in Confucian Examination System
· Set a capital: Seoul
· Rice is brought up (Chinese agricultural forms are followed)
· only 1/7 of the land could be farmed
· First extensive use of movable type in the world
o Chinese did woodblock prints, Japanese perfected that art form
o The letters could be moved around
· Made advances in math and astronomy
o Status of women in Korea was much higher than normal
o women don't get demoted in other places that become Confucian
· Yi order weakened by factionalism
o FACTION: a group
o People fight within groups
· Yi Korea = incredibly stable
PRESSURES ON THE ENVIRONMENT
· population increased, indicating cultivation in larger areas
· lots of cutting down of trees
· the more deforestation, the more runoff you have
· more topsoil?
· wood shortages-->new architectural styles during the Samurai period
o Let’s make things out of wood!
o Because of Shinto -- trees had spirit, those ancestors and those spirits got along—you could offend the spirits by using those trees
o Roofsàtile, flooràmats
o Japan and Koreaàfast adopters of technology
o emperors try to control the cutting of wood
· The capital moves away from Kyoto, towards Tokyo
o National forests, parks, “”
Independent Development
· Europe and monsoon Asia remained largely ISOLATED from each other until the 15th century
o Despite Marco Polo’s journey
o The exception is: INDIA
· From the 7th century, Arab and Islamic in the Middle East and Central Asia = another barrier between Europe and monsoon Asia
· European civilization arises, but isn’t aware AT ALL of what lays beyond the Arab barrier
o They also didn’t have the benefits of Asia’s more sophisticated model of civilization
· Arabs were like the middleman
o They transmitted these things to the West:
§ Indian mathematics and numeration system
§ Indian medicine and steel-making tech
§ Chinese silk, paper, printing
o The Europeans called all of that stuff ARAB, either ignoring or not knowing where its actual origin was
· The end of direct Roman connections with India
European Trade
· CLASSICALLY: trade was more important in Europe than in Asia
· Europeans were aware of a larger, and more varied world than their own (good thing)
· European traders explored and did business with adjacent areas – easily because of they could sail across the Mediterranean Sea
Asian Trade
· More complacent, proud of their own rich and sophisticated civilization
o Aka, they didn’t think other places were worthy enough to trade with
· Opposite of the Europeans: who realized early on that their own development lagged behind others
o Europeans knew that wealth was going to be important
· The Atlantic was now going to be the start of the route to Asia
o This included:
§ The Portuguese, Dutch, and English ports, merchants, and ships
§ The eclipse of Venice
§ The home of C. Columbus
The Portuguese in Asia
· Christopher Columbus (Spanish flag)
o Objective: Polo’s Cathay (could be reached by sailing westward on a ROUND earth)
o Failed
o In the end, it was the Portuguese who pioneered the direct sea route to the East
· Portugal’s geographical position gave them an advantage
o Open Atlantic and the tradition of seafaring and fishing in stormy waters
· Cape St. Vincent: southwestern tip of Portugal
o Last outpost of Europe, jumping-off place for any routes around Africa
o The Portuguese realized this was the best place to start
· Portugal had never been in an important commercial center
o Relatively poor, mountainous, backward country
o But it knew the open sea
§ The Venetians didn’t
· The Portuguese, like the Dutch
o Developed more seaworthy craft
o Built small ships with benefits from some of the Arab experience
§ Riding the monsoon winds in the Indian ocean
§ Triangular lateen sail
§ Basically, they built a good ship
§ Then it moved on to China and stuff
· Navigation
o Still crude
o Weren’t as good as the Chinese grand expeditions
· Warfare
o After the late 14th century, after gunpowder and cannons (Chinese inventions) had spread to Europe, there are improvements in naval warfare
o Development of guns
o More mobility in water
o Modeled after the Greeks, Romans, and Venetians
o Europeans finally made it to Asia
Motives for Expansion
· Portuguese wanted to defend their faith (Roman Catholic) ?
· Muslims were all seen as the enemy
o They blocked the route to the East and controlled much of the trade with Asia
This is the just the first part. There’s no way I can type up the whole thing. You got the handout in class.
Europeans knew the wealth could be won through trade abroad.
Before the 1700s, European powers had minimal presence in Asia.
· From the 1400s-1700s, they had more significant influence in the Americas than in Asia
Christopher Columbus sailed for Spain
· Died believing he had reached Asia in 1492 (he didn’t)
Spreading Christianity and getting rich through trade were primary motives for the Age of Discovery.
“Souls and Spices” (explained in the review packet) were what they were after.
Review Sheet for Test on Chapters 9 & 12
"By our ships our power can be seen, and if necessary, felt."
New East Asian Geography:
COVERED IN GEOGRAPHY ALREADY
Amur River
Guangzhou
Hokkaido
Honshu
Kamakura
Kurile Islands
Kyoto
Kyushu
Kyushu Corridor
Manchuria
Nara
Ryuku Islands
Shikoku
Strait of Tsushima
Yalu River
New SE Asian Geography:
East Indies – Indonesia, includes Sumatra
Moluccas or Spice Islands – Around the Phillippines, south of it
Factors to Know:
Algoa – Sailing TO Goa
Colombo – capital of Ceylon (present day Sri Lanka), island off India
Delagoa – Mozambique à sailing AWAY from Goa (due to monsoons)
Goa – port in South India during the Mogul Empire, under Aurangzeb 1690
Macao – port trading post from 557 in South China, just south of Guangzhou
Malacca – related to the pirates (Malacca Straits), SE Asia near the Malacca straits, north of Sumatra, south of Malaya
Manila – capital of present day Phillippine Islands
Nagasaki & Dejima
Surat – West India, south of Narmada River, way north of Goa
Random Stuff:
Dutch East India Company (VOC)
East India Company (British, BEIco)
Iberian Penninsula
Cape of Good Hope – tip of South Africa, people sailed around it and stuff
“factionalism” – “cliques”, groups start fighting with each other due to different interests, prevents government from forming
Northeast Passage
Northwest Passage
Spanish Armada
Souls & Spices – what the missionaries came looking for in Asia – converting/saving souls and spices
Treaty of Nerchinsk, 1689
Zanzibar – island off east Africa, most important Arab trading post of East Africa, the Europeans knew about it but didn’t know how to get there
Peoples to Recall:
Ainu – natives to Japan
Altaic – people of the Altai Mountains
Ashikaga – see Ashikaga tab
British
Dutch
Fujiwara – dominant clan during Heian Period
Geisha
Japanese – matriarchal, uh just read the rest of the review packet. THE WHOLE THING IS ON JAPAN BASICALLY.
Korean
Minamoto
Portuguese – tried to control the trade routes
Russians
Sea Barbarians – pirates?
Spanish – tried to control the trade routes
Yi Dynasty – Korea (1392-1910)
· Pirate invasion
· Adapted to the Chinese forms of calligraphy and painting
· Capital: Seoul
· Basically, Chinese ideals/things brought to Korea during this time
· Imperial government weakened by factionalism (factions=cliques)
Vocab:
Daimyo – clan leader/warlord, subservient to the shoguns (the military chiefs), most became samurai
Factor – trade base (European trade bases in Asia, actually)
Freebooters – unofficial pirating, English? Dutch?
Heian Period – 600-1180, arts, garden, Buddhism
· Before: Feudalism
· Japanese artistic period
· Before the samurai period begins
· Japanese elites acting like the Chinese
· Fujiwara family is the dominant clan
· The Great Change – Taika – Confucian values brought to Japan
· Balancing act
o An aunt ruling in place of Prince Shotoku (not old enough)
o The transition between patriarchal to matriarchal
Jesuit Order – order of Catholic priests (came to convert!)
Kamikaze – divine wind, stopped multiple invasions by the Chinese into Japan
Kana & Kanji – Kana: phonetic symbols of Japanese language (more common), Kanji: the more elaborate form?
Pure Land Buddhism – the easy form of Buddhism, most popular sect
Samurai – warriors of Japan
Shinto – Japanese religion, nature, spiritual, Emperor was the high priest of the Shinto religion
Shoen System – to farm and distribute land…
Shogun – controlled military, chief military leader
Taika – The Great Change, Confucian values came to Japan, brought over by Prince Shotoku during the Heian Period, adapted Chinese culture, consisted of a 17-constitution article
Tea Ceremony – for peace and order during the Ashikaga Period, for meditation
Uji – family run clan, before the shoguns came into play
Zen Buddhism – Chinese form of Buddhism, like Daoism, a popular form of Buddhism in America
Individual People to Recall:
Bartholomew Diaz – Portuguese, sailed around the tip of Africa, named Cape of Good Hope, went as far as Mozambique (modern day)
Christopher Colombus – sailed under the Spanish flag, was Genoese, you know what he did.
Ferdinand Magellan – sailed around the tip of South America, aka the Straits of Magellan, circumnavigated the world in 1518-21, died en route
Genji
Jan Hyugen Van Linschotten – Dutch spy, wrote “Guidebook to Asia”, wrote all of the trade routes to and from Asia
Lady Murasaki
Matteo Ricci – missionary to the Ming Court, arrives in China in 1583
Prince Henry the Navigator – founded maritime academies, led explorations and mapping of the West coast of Africa, brought gold, ivory, and slaves to Europe
Prince Shotoku – brought Confucian values over to Japan, the Great Change (TAIKA), Heian Period, his aunt ruled in place of him because he was too young
Ralph Fitch
Ralph Newberry
Sir Francis Drake
Thomas Best
Vasco Da Gama – arrived in SW India in 1498, forces trade, kidnaps traders in Zanzibar to show him the way, 1499 earns 3000% profit
William Adams
Artifacts and Japanese stuff to Recall:
Corded Pottery
Haiku – Japanese poetry, with seasonal stuff, read the tab about it
Kana – phonetic symbol language of Japan
Monastic Armies – monasteries, army of monks
Movable type – the origin of the printing press, made printing easier, you could move the words around, Japanese perfected this
“Natural Gardens”
Tatami – the mats in Kovas’s room, on which the tea ceremony takes place
Tomb Mounds
Turtle Boats
Think about who was where, when?
Think about who traded what, where?
Think about how they tried to protect their trades.
How did various peoples behave when on foreign soil?
- Were there differences between British and Portugese and Dutch behaviors?
Lastly, look at the questions at the end of the chapters.
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